Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner, Soviet physician and human rights activist (born Feb. 15, 1923, Merv, Turkistan, U.S.S.R. [now Mary, Turkm.]—died June 18, 2011, Boston, Mass.), was a revered figure in the struggle against human rights abuses in the Soviet Union as a cofounder (1976) of the Moscow Helsinki Group and as the wife of Nobel Prize-winning physicist and dissident Andrey Sakharov. When Bonner was a girl, her parents were arrested during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s; her father was killed shortly thereafter. She worked as a nurse during World War II and then trained as a pediatrician and married a fellow student, but neither her marriage nor her medical career lasted. By the time she married Sakharov in 1972, Bonner had already resigned her membership in the Communist Party and joined the dissident movement. Although Sakharov spent many years confined to the Soviet Union and (from 1980) in internal exile in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Bonner remained free to travel, and in 1975 she went to Oslo to accept the Nobel Prize for Peace on her husband’s behalf. In 1984, however, she was convicted of anti-Soviet activities and confined to Gorky with him. Bonner’s already-fragile health suffered, and after Sakharov undertook a six-month hunger strike, she was briefly allowed to leave the country in 1985 for heart bypass surgery in the U.S. They were both permitted to return to Moscow in 1986. After Sakharov’s death in 1989, Bonner continued to travel and campaign against government oppression. Bonner’s books include Alone Together (1986) and Mothers and Daughters (1992).